Chapter 12 Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes

Caution: Although the end of chapter quiz is good, answers are incorrect in the book.

I. General Characteristics of Eukaryotes

        A. Gross anatomy - visible characteristics - This link provides an alphabetical index with information on all parasites http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Para_Health.htm

        B.  Reproduction -

II. Domains - Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

III. Kingdoms - Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), Protistans, Fungi, Plants, Animals

        A. Basis- cell type, cell size, nutrition

        B. Protistans - Single-celled eukaryotic cells

                1. Algae - plant-like protistans

                        a. Characteristics - Single & multi-celled Eucaryotic photosynthetic organisms,

                        b. Classification - By color of pigment

                2. Protozoans - animal-like

                        a. Characteristics - single-celled Eukaryotic organisms

                                i. heterotrophic

                                ii. trophozoite (motile stage) and cyst stages (dormant)

                                iii. vacuoles, lysosomes etc.

                        b. Reproduction - sexual and asexual; cysts as reproductive tools

                        c. Classification - by movement - Diversity among protozoa

DIversity

                                i. Ciliates - move by cilia - Paramecium, Balantidium

                                ii. Apicomplexans - No movement, no free-living forms = obligate parasites with complex intracellular structures and lifecycles- some of the most serious human disease - Malaria, Toxoplasmosis

        iii. Dinoflagellates- Organisms that move by flagella, but are photosynthetic (photoautotrophic)

Disease causing organisms - indirectly cause human pathology dinoflagellate poisons - ciguatera toxin, Red Tide, http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ciguatera/fish.htm

Pfiesteria - biolevel 4

        iv. Sarcodina - Amoeba - movement by pseudopodia (amoeboid movement) - e.g. Amoeba, Entamoeba histolytica, Acantantamoeba

Amoebiasis is the second leading cause of death from parasitic disease

http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Amebiasis.htm 

Worldwide incidence

Causes and transmission

Symptoms and prognosis

        v. Euglenoids - photoautotrophic (photosynthetic), flagella, eyespot

        vi. Kinetoplastids - move by flagella, have a single large mitochondrion called a kinetoplast e.g. Trypanosoma sp.

Worldwide incidence

Causes and transmission

Symptoms and prognosis

http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/TrypanosomiasisAmerican.htm

         vii. Archaezoa - "ancient" protozoans - lack mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and peroxisomes

                                        - Diplomonadida - two equal sized nuclei e.g. Giardia lamblia

http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Giardiasis.htm

 and Microsporans - intracellular protozoa e.g. Isospora

http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Isosporiasis.htm

 - Parabasala - single nucleus e.g. Trichomonas, Trypanosoma

http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Trichomoniasis.htm

     C. Fungi

1.      Characteristics and terms –

A. Saprophytic

B. Single and Multi-celled organisms (yeasts and molds)http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp

C. Hyphae (septate and non-septate)  http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp

D. Mycelium    http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp

E. Dimorphic

2.      Uses: Bread, Beer, Bioengineering

3.       Classification - Classified by spores, and reproductive cycles

4. Symbiosis

Fungi that live cooperatively with bacteria

5. Disease causing organisms

                     a. superficial - athletes foot

                    b. invasive -

        D. Animalia - organisms that require oxygen for metabolism and are heterotrophic

               1. Arthropods -

                        a. Characteristics - organisms with jointed legs

                        b. Classification - mosquitos, ticks, fleas, mites, spiders etc.

                        c. Disease causing organisms - vectors of disease, transmitting bacterial and parasitic infections.

                2. Helminths - worms

                        a. Characteristics - complicated lifestyles, parasitic

                        b. Classification - classified by body shape and primitive or advanced structures. Generally have reduced sensory organs and increased reproductive capabilities.

                        c. Disease causing organisms - tapeworms, pinworms

IV. The importance of Lifecycles - lifecycles determine the epidemiologic measures that can be used to prevent further infections.

Parasitic Diseases NPR

Quiz and Review

Chapter 12 Eukaryotic Diversity

1. Describe the major characteristics of the Kingdom Protozoa and properly classify organisms into this kingdom.

2. Describe the major characteristics of the Kingdom Fungi and properly classify organisms into this kingdom.

3. Describe the major characteristics of members of the Kingdom Animalia that are arthropod and helminth parasites significant to humans.

4. Evaluate the significance of biomagnification in human intoxications.

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