Exam 2 Objectives - please look at the lab objectives below as well!

Chapter 6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth

  1. Define autotrophs, heterotrophs, saprophytes, and chemoautotrophs.

  2. Compare and contrast the various oxygen requirements of bacteria and given data interpret the whether a bacteria is aerobic, facultative anaerobic, anaerobic or microaerophilic.

  3. Characterize Psychrophiles, Mesophiles and Thermophiles.

  4. Describe the purpose of pure cultures.

  5. Describe cultural morphology using microbial terminology.

  6. Describe and appropriately interpret growth on enriched, selective and differential media.

  7. Analyze a typical bacterial growth curve and relate its significance to the generation time of of a species and the progression of  disease in the host. 

  8. Produce a streak plate for isolation and critique plates for technique and purity.

 

Chapter 7 Microbial Genetics

  1. Describe the bacterial genome, and explain how it replicates, and how it differs from eukaryotic genomes.

  2. Describe the role of plasmids and contrast them with the bacterial chromosome.

  3. Draw a double stranded DNA molecule form memory.

  4. Compare and contrast the components and roles of DNA and RNA.

  5. Describe DNA replication and mechanisms which ensure its exact copy is made.

  6. Explain DNA structure and replication.

  7. Draw a flow chart showing the steps required in the anabolism of proteins.

  8. Clearly explain the role of DNA, mRNA, tRNA and rRNA in the synthesis of proteins.

  9. Analyze the effect of mechanisms used to control gene expression, particularly the lac operon.

  10. Name at least three mutagens and discuss the types of mutation and mechanisms which induce mutation.

  11. Explain with examples the 3 types of bacterial recombination.

 

Chapter 8 Biotechnology

1. Describe the techniques (PCR & DNA fingerprinting) used in DNA analysis and bioengineering.

2. Formulate arguments for and against bioengineering.

3. Name several products of genetic engineering and discuss their importance in modern living.

 

Chapter 9 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment

1. Compare the meanings of the terms disinfectant and antiseptic, bactericidal agent and bacteriostatic agent, virucidal, fungicidal etc.

2. Define, compare and contrast the terms: sterile, aseptic, disinfect, decontaminate.

3. Discuss bacterial spores, indicating their importance as objects of sterilization.

4. Discuss the criteria used to determine methods of antimicrobial control.

5. Using written notes be prepared to select the best means of physical or chemical control in a real life scenario and provide rationale for the choice.

6. Properly use an autoclave.

 

Chapter 10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Human Body Antimicrobial Drugs

 

1. Describe the mechanism of competitive inhibition using the example of sulfanilamides to interrupt the growth of bacteria.
2. Describe the action of antimicrobials in the penicillin family and drawbacks to their use.

3. Compare the cephalosporin and penicillin antibiotics with respect to source, structure, spectrum of activity, and side effects.

4. When given a clinical infection, use the Sanford guide to determine the empirical treatment and potential side effects.

5. State several examples and describe the chemical structure, uses, and side effects of tetracycline antibiotics.

6. Explain the unique dosage and use of antimicrobials for Mycobacterial infections.

7. Draw a bacterial cell and indicate the physical area or pathways affecting by each of the major groups of antibiotic families.

Chapter 11 Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes (Bacteria)

  1. Describe the strategy and rationale behind the major groupings or classification methods used to classify bacteria.
  2. Explain how phenotypes are used to classify bacteria using the microscope (cell structure and arrangement), colony morphology and biochemical tests.
  3. Interpret tests (performed in lab) using a flow chart to identify a bacterial species.
  4. Describe the methods used to identify bacteria by their genome and the special uses of this technique.
  5. Display familiarity with tables in the text and in lab, by using the tables as a resource to look up information regarding specific bacteria and interpret metabolic characteristics.
  6. Differentiate between anaerobic, facultative anaerobic, and aerobic bacterial lifestyles and list a few organisms that belong in each.

 

Chapter 12 Eukaryotic Diversity

1. Describe the major characteristics of the Kingdom Protozoa and properly classify organisms into this kingdom.

2. Describe the major characteristics of the Kingdom Fungi and properly classify organisms into this kingdom.

3. Describe the major characteristics of members of the Kingdom Animalia that are arthropod and helminth parasites significant to humans.

4. Evaluate the significance of biomagnification in human intoxications.

 

Chap 13 - Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

1. Illustrate the common components of a virus, using an example.

2. Describe the two methods of viral replication (Lytic and Lysogentic).

3. Compare and contrast the lifestyle of viruses with different genomes (e.g. DNA and RNA)

4. Explain the major characteristics used to classify viruses.

5. Compare and contrast culturing of bacteria with culturing of viruses.

6. Differentiate between acute viral infections and apparent symptoms (e.g. lytic, lysogenic – latent or slow viral infections).

7. Explain the relationship between viruses and cancers as we understand it today.

8. Describe a prion and explain the medical importance of prions diseases (CJ, BSE, etc).

9. Discuss the challenges of controlling infections with viruses and prions.

 

Lab Objectives

Lab 7 - Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation 
Following this exercise the student should be able to:              

1.       Describe the indicators and tests used for fermentation.

2.       Perform a fermentation test aseptically.

3.       Explore fermentation resulting in various food products.

4.       Interpret fermentation test results and confirm results with identification tables.

5.       Trouble shoot unexpected fermentation results.

6.       Differentiate between glycolysis, fermentation, and aerobic respiration including Kreb's Cycle and Electron Transport Chain

 

Lab Exercise 8 - Extraction of Bacterial DNA
Following this exercise the student should be able to:

  1. Describe the DNA within bacterial cells.

  2. Perform a DNA extraction isolating a DNA molecule.

 

Lab Exercise 9 – The Anatomy and Function of DNA
Following this exercise the student should be able to:

  1. Describe the molecular composition and bonding in DNA.

  2. Draw a DNA molecule from memory with no references – labeling phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nucleotide bases (A, T, G, and C), covalent and hydrogen bonds.

  3. Construct a molecule of DNA with a specific nucleotide sequence.

  4. Simulate the replication of DNA before cell division.

  5. Construct a molecule of messenger RNA from the DNA template.

  6. Construct an amino acid sequence (polypeptide) from the mRNA.

  7. Evaluate the effect of a change in the base sequence due to a variety of mutations.

 

Exercise 10 - Bacterial Transformation
Following this exercise the student should be able to:

  1. Compare and contrast bacterial mechanisms of genetic variation

  2. Describe the lab methods used to bioengineer traits

  3. Perform a bacterial transformation

  4. Evaluate the role of bacterial transformation and use of DNA to modify organisms in light of current information on the biotech industry, biological warfare, and medical applications

 

Exercise 11 - Controlling the Growth of Microorganisms
Following this exercise the student should be able to:

1.       Describe factors that contribute to effective control of microbial growth.

2.       Test the effectiveness of selected disinfectants by aseptically preparing a standard concentration stock culture, performing a lawn culture, and creating disinfectant test discs.

3.       Interpret and graph the data from the experiment .

4.       Evaluate the role of time, dose, concentration, and load in effective microbial control.

 

Lab Exercise 12 - Controlling Microorganisms with Antimicrobials
Following this exercise the student should be able to:

  1. Discuss factors effecting chemotherapeutic agent effectiveness.

  2. Perform a Kirby Bauer test for antimicrobial sensitivity.

  3. Interpret zone sizes correctly.

  4. Explain the characteristic antibiograms of bacterial species and geographical variations.

  5. Use the Sanford guide to identify antibiotic uses and side effects.

  6. Describe the major modes of actions of the various antibiotics.

  7. Interpret and evaluate sensitivity results with regards to clinical; applications.

  8. Analyze the presence of resistant and contaminating organisms during the     testing procedure.

  9. Compare and contrast narrow and broad spectrum drugs

 

Exercise 13  Bacterial Identification  Characteristics and Multitest Kits
Following this exercise the student should be able to:

1.       Perform and explain the biochemical significance of the oxidase test, name a common genus that is oxidase positive and one that is oxidase negative.

2.       Describe the test results and interpretation of  the TSI test.

3.       Determine when to use an Oxiferm or Enterotube.

4.       Explain and use a flow chart, based upon the oxidase and TSI results, to presumptively identify GNR.

5.       Successfully set up and interpret the biochemical reactions in both Enterotubes and Oxiferm tubes.

6.       Troubleshoot any errors or questions that may arise.

7.       Evaluate the role of Enterobacteriaceae as indicators of fecal contamination in water and food.

 

Exercise 14 Protozoans, Fungi, and Animal Parasites  
Following this exercise the student should be able to:

  1. Identify microscopic characteristics of organism   belonging to the Kingdom Protozoa.

  2. Identify macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of an organism belonging to the Kingdom Fungi.

  3. Identify macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of an organism belonging to the Kingdom Animalia particularly helminths and arthropods.

  4. Compare and contrast methods for controlling health risks and treating each of these types of infections.

  5. Describe the important role of biomagnification and evaluate its impact on disease.

 

Exercise 15 Infections, Infectious Disease, and Epidemiology
Following this exercise the student should be able to:

1.       Describe the portals of entry and relate these to the routes of transmission for common infections

2.       Describe the important components in controlling an epidemic.

3.       Analyze the source, transmission, and potential impact of an epidemic when provided pertinent data.

4.       Use appropriate types of graphs to display the data and interpret epidemic trends.

5.       Critically evaluate and suggest methods to prevent or control an epidemic.

6.       Describe the unique social conditions that surround the STD epidemic in the U.S.

7.       Access and use the MMWR to look up epidemiologic information.