Following the reading, lectures, lab, and activities the student should be able to:
1. Evaluate the contributions of Leeuwenhoek on science today.
2. List the major groups of organisms studied in microbiology.
3. Compare and contrast eubacteria and eukaryotic organisms.
4. Describe how the scientific method was used to study the theory of spontaneous generation.
5. Define the Germ Theory of Disease.
6. Utilizing Koch's postulates explain how evidence links the etiologic agent to a specific disease.
7. List at least three important roles that microbes fulfill in the world today.
8. Describe the rationale behind classification of microbes.
· carbohydrates
· lipids
· nucleic acids
1. Differentiate between bacteria and eukaryotes.
2. Name the typical eukaryotic organelles and explain their functions.
3. Explain the classification of organisms into the 5 kingdoms and 3 domains with examples.
4. Describe the common anatomical structures found in bacteria and explain their function.
[flagella, pili, glycocalyx, capsule, endospores, cytoplasm or cytosol, ribosomes, inclusions, chromosome, plasmids, cell membrane, and cell wall].
5. By sight, recognize and name the most common bacterial morphological shapes [cocci, bacilli, spirilla-spirochetes, coccobacilli, pleomorphic].
6. Identify and name the common bacterial arrangements giving examples of organisms displaying the arrangement [single, diplo.., staphylo.., strepto.., sarcina, tetrad].
7. Differentiate between the main components and resulting characteristics attributed to bacteria displaying Gram negative and Gram positive cell walls.
8. Correctly prepare a Gram stain and using the microscope identify the Gram reaction, cell shape, and cell arrangement.
9. Describe binomial nomenclature, use it correctly and relate it to bacterial names.
Chapter 5 Bacterial Metabolism
Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism.
Characterize enzymes - their unique structure, dependence on co-enzymes and cofactors.
Using a particular enzyme describe various methods of inhibiting or controlling the rate of it's behavior.
Explain the role of ATP.
Describe the reaction and net effect of glycolysis (specifically the Embden-Meyerhof pathway), the Kreb's cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) and oxidative phosphorylation( electron transport system).
Describe the role of larger molecules [polysaccharides, fats and proteins] in catabolism.
Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Describe photosynthetic and chemosynthetic mechanisms of anabolism.
Flowchart the anabolism of proteins.
Chapter 6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth
Define autotrophs, heterotrophs, saprophytes, and chemoautotrophs.
Compare and contrast the various oxygen requirements of bacteria and given data interpret the whether a bacteria is aerobic, facultative anaerobic, anaerobic or microaerophilic.
Characterize Psychrophiles, Mesophiles and Thermophiles.
Describe the purpose of pure cultures.
Describe cultural morphology using microbial terminology.
Describe and appropriately interpret growth on enriched, selective and differential media.
Analyze a typical bacterial growth curve and relate its significance to the generation time of of a species and the progression of disease in the host.
Produce a streak plate for isolation and critique plates for technique and purity.
Describe the bacterial genome, and explain how it replicates, and how it differs from eukaryotic genomes.
Describe the role of plasmids and contrast them with the bacterial chromosome.
Draw a double stranded DNA molecule form memory.
Compare and contrast the components and roles of DNA and RNA.
Describe DNA replication and mechanisms which ensure its exact copy is made.
Explain DNA structure and replication.
Draw a flow chart showing the steps required in the anabolism of proteins.
Clearly explain the role of DNA, mRNA, tRNA and rRNA in the synthesis of proteins.
Analyze the effect of mechanisms used to control gene expression, particularly the lac operon.
Name at least three mutagens and discuss the types of mutation and mechanisms which induce mutation.
Explain with examples the 3 types of bacterial recombination.
Chapter 8 Recombinant and DNA Technology
1. Describe the techniques (PCR & DNA fingerprinting) used in DNA analysis and bioengineering.
2. Formulate arguments for and against bioengineering.
3. Name several products of genetic engineering and discuss their importance in modern living.
1. Compare the meanings of the terms disinfectant and antiseptic, bactericidal agent and bacteriostatic agent, virucidal, fungicidal etc.
2. Define, compare and contrast the terms: sterile, aseptic, disinfect, decontaminate.
3. Discuss bacterial spores, indicating their importance as objects of sterilization.
4. Discuss the criteria used to determine methods of antimicrobial control.
5. Using written notes be prepared to select the best means of physical or chemical control in a real life scenario and provide rationale for the choice.
6. Properly use an autoclave.
Chapter 10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Human Body Antimicrobial Drugs
1. Describe the
mechanism of competitive inhibition using the example of sulfanilamides to
interrupt the growth of bacteria.
2. Describe
the action of antimicrobials in the penicillin
family and drawbacks
to their use.
3. Compare the cephalosporin and penicillin antibiotics with respect to source, structure, spectrum of activity, and side effects.
4. When given a clinical infection, use the Sanford guide to determine the empirical treatment and potential side effects.
5. State several examples and describe the chemical structure, uses, and side effects of tetracycline antibiotics.
6. Explain the unique dosage and use of antimicrobials for Mycobacterial infections.
7. Draw a bacterial cell and indicate the physical area or pathways affecting by each of the major groups of antibiotic families.
1. Describe the major characteristics of the Kingdom Protozoa and properly classify organisms into this kingdom.
2. Describe the major characteristics of the Kingdom Fungi and properly classify organisms into this kingdom.
3. Describe the major characteristics of members of the Kingdom Animalia that are arthropod and helminth parasites significant to humans.
4. Evaluate the significance of biomagnification in human intoxications.
Chap 13 - Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
1. Illustrate the common components of a virus, using an example.
2. Describe the two methods of viral replication (Lytic and Lysogentic).
3. Compare and contrast the lifestyle of viruses with different genomes (e.g. DNA and RNA)
4. Explain the major characteristics used to classify viruses.
5. Compare and contrast culturing of bacteria with culturing of viruses.
6. Differentiate between acute viral infections and apparent symptoms (e.g. lytic, lysogenic – latent or slow viral infections).
7. Explain the relationship between viruses and cancers as we understand it today.
8. Describe a prion and explain the medical importance of prions diseases (CJ, BSE, etc).
9. Discuss the challenges of controlling infections with viruses and prions.
1. Define common terms related to infectious diseases.
2. Describe the concept of normal flora, indicate common normal flora by name and location on the body.
3. Identify the parts of the body which are normally sterile.
4. Discuss the transmission routes for infectious disease.
5. Compare and contrast communicable and non-communicable disease, endemic and epidemic disease, acute and chronic disease, primary and secondary disease, and local and systemic disease
6. Explain the meaning of portal of entry, dose, and tissue penetration as they relate to the establishment of disease.
7. Compare exotoxins and endotoxins, specifying the source, chemical composition, effects, and examples of organisms producing them.
8. Define terminology typically used with epidemiology.
9. Evaluate how portals of entry influence the epidemiology of diseases using examples.
10. Illustrate epidemiologic principles common to emerging infections.
11. Discuss the significance of nosocomial infections and contrast their control with community acquired infections.
1. Describe factors related to nonspecific immunity.
2. Categorize the specific chemical and mechanical barriers in the body.
3. Describe inflammation - its components and purpose.
4. Describe the blood components and their major functions and components of the lymphatic system and their functions.
5. Evaluate the significance of abnormal blood counts.
1. Describe antigens and antibodies, contrast their roles.
2. Compare and contrast the specific and non-specific immune systems.
3. Describe the 5 classes of antibodies with examples of the functions of each.
4. Clearly differentiate between the cells involved and actions of Cellular (CMI) and Humoral (AMI) immunity.
5. Define the anamnestic response and its effect on disease transmission and application in vaccines.
6. Distinguish between the four types of natural and acquired immunity including:
the relative time until immunity appears
1. Explain and apply the schedule for vaccinations.
2. Differentiate between the
various immune lab tests (percipitation,
agglutination, immunodiffusion, immunofluorescence, RIA and ELISA)
concerning the reaction occurring and their application in
medicine.
3. Describe the reaction occurring in a blood typing test and
interpret the results.
4. Describe
and perform a pregnancy test as a sample of immunologic lab tests.
5.
Perform
an ELISA tutorial online and explain the mechanism for ELISA testing.
1. Describe the four main types of hypersensitivity.
2. Explain anaphylaxis, the contributing factors and its
medical significance.
3. Characterize the cause hay fever and other atopic diseases.
4. Discuss the conditions that can lead to a transfusion
reaction when the inappropriate blood types are mixed.
5. Define hemolytic disease of the newborn and explain the
cause, effect and means of prevention.
6. Explain the Immune Complex diseases, the important
mediators, symptoms and examples.
7. Describe cellular hypersensitivity specifically explain
what is meant by infection allergy and contact dermatitis.
8. Discuss the Immune deficiency diseases discussed in
lecture and mechanisms of treating these syndromes.
1. Describe the first and second lines of defense against infection found in skin.
2. Differentiate the normal flora from the typical pathogens.
3. Classify the various skin diseases for which Streptococci and Staphylococci are etiologic agents and discuss diagnosis and treatment for each.
4. Characterize Lyme Disease with regard to transmission, diagnosis, stages of the disease, immune responses, treatment and prevention.
5. Identify and analyze the characteristics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and immunity for the viral infections discussed in lecture (e.g. Chickenpox, Rubella, Rubeola, and Roseola).
6. Analyze the unique environment and conditions of fungal skin infections.
7. When given a patient with symptoms indicating a skin infection evaluate and analyze the evidence to determine a differential diagnosis, additional testing needed, and a probable diagnosis and treatment for the patient with the information provided.
Chapter 20 Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System
1. Describe the protective and immune barriers found in the Nervous System.
2. Compare and contrast Meningicoccal meningitis, Haemophilus meningitis, Listeriosis, Botulism, and Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) with regards to transmission, treatment and control.
3. Describe the transmission routes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the various types of viral encephalitis agents including WNV,WEV, EEV.
4. Describe the transmission routes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention rabies.
5. Describe the transmission routes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of opportunistic infections with Cryptosporidiosis.
6. Describe the transmission routes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention Trypanosomiasis.
7. Describe the transmission routes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention Prion diseases such as Kuru, Crutzfeld-Jakob, and Mad Cow disease.
8. Compare and contrast the clinical picture involved in viral, fungal, and bacterial nervous system infections.
9. When given a patient with Nervous symptoms indicating a potential infection, evaluate and analyze the evidence to determine a differential diagnosis, additional testing needed, and a probable diagnosis and treatment for the patient with the information provided.
Chapter 21 Microbial Cardiovascular Systemic Diseases
1. Describe the protective and immune barriers found in the Blood and Lymphatic Systems.
2. Compare and contrast bacteremia, sepsis, endocarditis and lymphangitis.
3. Describe the transmission routes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the bacterial endocarditis and septicemia.
4. Compare and contrast the transmission routes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention Tularemia and Brucellosis.
5. Describe the transmission routes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention Lyme disease.
6. Describe the transmission routes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the plague.
7. Describe the transmission routes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention Malaria.
8. Describe the transmission routes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention Chaga's disease.
9. 3. Describe the transmission routes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Toxoplasmosis.
10. When given a patient with infections suggesting Blood or Lymphatic System involvement indicating a potential infection, evaluate and analyze the evidence to determine a differential diagnosis, additional testing needed, and a probable diagnosis and treatment for the patient with the information provided.
1. Describe the first and second lines of defense against infection found in the respiratory tract.
2. Differentiate the normal flora from the typical pathogens.
3. Classify the various diseases for which Streptococci are etiologic agents and discuss diagnosis and treatment for each.
4. Identify and analyze the characteristics of upper respiratory tract infection with regards to pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and immunity for Streptococcal pharyngitis, diptheria, sinusitis, ear infections and colds.
5. Differentiate between the various types of pneumonia (Pneumococcal (Typical), Mycoplasma (Atypical), Gram Negative and Nosocomial Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Viral Pneumonia (particularly SARS) and their diagnosis.
6. Describe the transmission routes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention Whooping Cough, RSV, Hanta virus and Valley Fever.
7. Apply the CDC recommended precautions for tuberculosis.
8. Compare and contrast the viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections of the respiratory tract.
9. When given a patient with URT or LRT symptoms evaluate and analyze the evidence to determine a differential diagnosis, additional testing needed, and a probable diagnosis and treatment for the patient with the information provided.
Chapter 23 Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System
1. Describe the protective barriers to infection found in the GI tract.
2. Differentiate between food infection and food intoxication.
3. Discuss proper care of food and water to prevent transmission of diseases via water or food borne routes.
4. Characterize and differentiate between Botulism, Staphylococcal and Clostridia food intoxications.
5. Describe the transmission routes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Typhoid, Salmonellosis, Shigellosis, Cholera, Camplyobacter, H. pylori and E.coli infections.
6. List precautions suggested by CDC to prevent food infections.
7. Describe the transmission routes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention Rotavirus, Norwalk virus, Hepatitis A,B,C infections.
8. Describe the transmission routes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention Giardiasis, Amebiasis, and Cryptosporidiosis.
9. Describe the transmission routes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of multicelled parasites such as pinworm, tapeworm, and liver flukes infections.
10. Be prepared to analyze an outbreak or patient scenario, determine the questions that should be asked, a differential diagnosis, lab tests which need to be done to identify the etiologic agent, and a plan to identify the source of the infection.
11. Compare and contrast the viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections of the GI tract.
12. When given a patient with GI symptoms evaluate and analyze the evidence to determine a differential diagnosis, additional testing needed, and a probable diagnosis and treatment for the patient with the information provided.
Chapter 24 GU Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems
1. Describe the protective and immune barriers found in the Genitourinary tract.
2. Characterize typical cystitis, pyelonephritis and nosocomial GU infections.
3. Compare and contrast vaginosis, Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS), and Candidiasis with regards to transmission, treatment and control with typical STDs.
4. Argue the scope of STD's in America with relation to number, epidemiology, and prevention and include the transmission via pregnancy and the development of PPNG (penicilllinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae).
5. Describe the transmission routes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention rabies.
6. Describe the transmission routes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention Genital Herpes, Papillomavirus, and HIV.
7. Describe the transmission routes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention Trichomoniasis.
8. When given a patient with GU symptoms evaluate and analyze the evidence to determine a differential diagnosis, additional testing needed, and a probable diagnosis and treatment for the patient with the information provided.
Final HIV and Immunodeficiency Complications
1. Describe the HIV virus, its means of pathogenesis, and associated symptoms.
2. Compare and contrast the implications of HIV infection and AIDS.
3. Characterize the overall and specific immune responses to HIV infection over the life of an individual.
4. Clearly differentiate between the opportunistic infections typical of AIDS.
5. Define the status and scope of the HIV infection today.
Bakersfield College | Kern Community College District |
Janet Fulks
1801 Panorama Dr. - Bakersfield, CA 93305 - (661)395-4381
Date last updated
08/09/2011
©Janet Fulks